PATHOLOGIES
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) refers to a group of conditions caused by a sudden reduction or blockage of blood flow to the heart, resulting in insufficient oxygen supply to the heart muscle. ACS is a medical emergency that can lead to severe complications, including heart attack and death, if not treated promptly. The most common underlying cause of ACS is the rupture of a plaque in the coronary arteries, leading to the formation of a blood clot that obstructs blood flow.
Acute Coronary Syndrome
ACS is categorized into three main types: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and unstable angina. STEMI and NSTEMI are types of heart attacks, with STEMI involving complete blockage of a coronary artery and NSTEMI involving partial blockage. Unstable angina, while not a heart attack, is a warning sign of significant coronary artery disease and an impending cardiac event.
Symptoms of ACS include sudden, severe chest pain or discomfort (often described as pressure or squeezing) that may radiate to the arms, neck, jaw, or back. Other symptoms include shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, lightheadedness, and a sense of impending doom. These symptoms may occur at rest or with minimal exertion.
Diagnosis involves an electrocardiogram (ECG) to identify heart rhythm changes and blood tests to detect cardiac enzymes like troponin, which indicate heart muscle damage. Imaging tests, such as coronary angiography, may be used to assess blockages.
Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow to the heart and preventing further damage. It may include medications like antiplatelets, anticoagulants, nitrates, beta-blockers, or statins, and procedures such as angioplasty with stent placement or coronary artery bypass surgery. Early recognition and prompt treatment of ACS are critical for improving outcomes and preventing complications.
