PATHOLOGIES
Calcium stones
Calcium stones are the most common type of kidney stones, accounting for approximately 80% of cases. They form when calcium combines with other substances such as oxalate or phosphate in the urine, creating hard, crystal-like structures. These stones develop when the urine becomes concentrated due to low fluid intake, leading to an imbalance of minerals and salts. Factors like high dietary sodium, excessive oxalate intake (from foods like spinach, nuts, and chocolate), or conditions like hyperparathyroidism can increase the risk of calcium stone formation.
Calcium stones
Symptoms of calcium stones include severe, sharp pain in the back or side (flank pain), blood in the urine (hematuria), nausea, vomiting, and frequent or painful urination. Large stones may obstruct the urinary tract, leading to complications like infections or kidney damage.
Diagnosis involves imaging studies such as X-rays, CT scans, or ultrasounds to detect the stones. Blood and urine tests may also be conducted to identify underlying metabolic conditions.
Treatment depends on the size and location of the stone. Small stones often pass naturally with increased hydration and pain management, while larger stones may require medical intervention, such as shock wave lithotripsy (SWL), ureteroscopy, or surgical removal.
Prevention focuses on drinking plenty of fluids to dilute the urine, reducing dietary sodium, and limiting foods high in oxalates. For individuals with recurrent stones, medications like thiazide diuretics or potassium citrate may be prescribed to reduce the likelihood of future stone formation.
