PATHOLOGIES
Kidney stones
Kidney stones, or nephrolithiasis, occur when hard mineral and salt deposits form in the kidneys due to concentrated urine. These stones vary in size and composition, with calcium oxalate being the most common type, followed by uric acid, struvite, and cystine stones. Risk factors include dehydration, high sodium intake, diets rich in oxalates or purines, obesity, and underlying medical conditions like hyperparathyroidism or gout.
Kidney stones
Symptoms typically include severe, sharp pain in the back or side that radiates to the lower abdomen or groin, nausea, vomiting, blood in the urine (hematuria), and frequent or painful urination. Larger stones may cause urinary obstruction, leading to infections or kidney damage.
Diagnosis involves imaging studies such as CT scans, ultrasounds, or X-rays to detect stones, as well as urine and blood tests to determine their composition and identify metabolic disorders.
Treatment depends on the size and type of stone. Small stones often pass naturally with increased hydration and pain management. Larger stones may require medical intervention, such as shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) to break them into smaller pieces, ureteroscopy to remove them, or, in severe cases, surgical removal.
Prevention focuses on drinking plenty of water, adopting a balanced diet low in sodium and oxalates, and, if necessary, taking medications to prevent stone formation. Regular check-ups are crucial for individuals with a history of kidney stones to monitor and prevent recurrence.
