PATHOLOGIES
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart is severely reduced or completely blocked, causing damage to the heart muscle. This blockage is usually due to a buildup of fatty deposits, cholesterol, and other substances (plaques) in the coronary arteries, a condition known as coronary artery disease (CAD). When a plaque ruptures, it can form a clot that obstructs blood flow, depriving the heart muscle of oxygen. Without prompt treatment, the affected tissue begins to die, leading to permanent damage.
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
The most common symptoms of a heart attack include chest pain or discomfort (often described as pressure, tightness, or a squeezing sensation), pain radiating to the arms, neck, jaw, or back, shortness of breath, nausea, lightheadedness, sweating, and a feeling of impending doom. In some cases, especially in women, symptoms may be less typical, such as fatigue, indigestion, or back pain.
Diagnosis involves a combination of patient history, physical exam, electrocardiogram (ECG) to detect heart rhythm abnormalities, and blood tests to measure cardiac enzymes like troponin, which indicate heart muscle damage. Imaging tests, such as echocardiograms or angiography, may also be used.
Treatment is time-sensitive and aims to restore blood flow to the heart as quickly as possible. Emergency treatments include clot-dissolving medications (thrombolytics) and procedures like angioplasty with stent placement. In severe cases, coronary artery bypass surgery may be needed.
Preventing a heart attack involves managing risk factors like high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, obesity, and inactivity. Adopting a heart-healthy lifestyle and following prescribed medications can significantly reduce the risk of a heart attack and improve overall cardiovascular health.
